The Publicity of Thought and Language :: Philosophy of Language

I attempt to explain the manners by which one would try to hold that language and additionally thought are open. For every one of these theories, I recognize four structures in which they can be confined, and two different ways of setting up them. The main will attempt to cause the exposure of thought to follow from that of language; the subsequent will attempt to cause the exposure of language to follow from that of thought. I show that none of these systems can manage without the theory that language and thought are associated, and that even while conceding this proposal, the subsequent technique presents a greater number of challenges than the first. The doubtful issue of Kripkenstein relates to both the ideas of substance of thought and etymological significance so that if the incredulous arrangement permitted us to presume that language is basically open, at that point we ought to likewise have the option to reason that musing is basically open. Be that as it may, while tending to the subject of the manner by which one could, under this speculation, arrive at the resolution that musing is basically open, there would appear to be two potential sorts of answers. The first is this follows from the way that language is a vital state of thought, in this way: there is no idea without language, however there can be no language without there being more than one speaker, subsequently there can be no idea without there being more than one scholar. The subsequent answer (which doesn't prohibit the first) is that we should then have the option to define a variant of the wary arrangement which applies straightforwardly to the topic of knowi ng under which conditions one is supported in deciding that somebody has a specific idea, and that that thinking is right. In any case, if an answer of this subsequent sort were conceivable, it would maybe never again be important to depend on the wary arrangement so as to reason that language is open, for more then likely, this end would follow from the way that contemplation is open, along with the possibility that musing is a fundamental state of language, accordingly: there is no language without thought, yet there can be no idea without there being more than one mastermind, henceforth there can be no language without there being more than one speaker. Thus, there is by all accounts at any rate three distinct manners by which one could attempt to arrive at the two wanted resolutions.

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Virtue Surmounts Deception - Literature Essay Samples

Several of the most famous stories told to young children were Aesop’s fables, creative stories designed to teach valuable life lessons. One of the most memorable to me was the fable about the lion that spared a mouse’s life and was later rescued by the mouse. Skeptical that this miniscule creature would ever be able to do something for him, the lion’s pride in his size and strength almost blinded him from displaying kindness. This tale particularly resonates in my mind because it teaches the moral that kindness and virtue are never wasted. Machiavelli’s controversial treatise, The Prince, offers a method of rule through fear. His cynical perspective of human nature causes him to lose faith and trust in others. He fails to acknowledge humans as relational beings, so his methods prove to be only temporarily effective. In contrast, understanding and exemplifying Aristotle’s definition of true virtue in his Nicomachean Ethics will bring reverence, love , and happiness to a leader. Therefore, the community will thrive when that individual believes in the common good and genuinely cares for others. Because love ultimately surpasses fear, in comparison to Machiavelli’s cynicism and skepticism, Aristotle’s beliefs about virtue would provide a better guide for achieving long term success. Firstly, I will discuss Machiavelli’s and Aristotle’s contrasting views of human nature and virtue. Next, I will argue for the effectiveness of Aristotle’s advice in comparison to Machiavelli’s fear tactics and provide hypothetical examples. Lastly, I will argue for how virtue brings long term success for both individuals and communities. â€Å"If you have to destroy those who can or might hurt you, revamp old laws with new measures, be severe and indulgent, magnanimous and liberal, disband old armies and replace them with new, meanwhile managing your relations with other princes and kings in such a way that they will be glad to help you and cautious about harming you.†[1] Throughout the treatise, Machiavelli demonstrates his cynicism and little faith in human nature. Because he believes that everyone possesses evil intentions, he distrusts and dislikes other, merely forming relationships that promote personal gain. Cynicism causes individuals to constantly feel insecure and anxious, possibly leading them to make rash decisions based on emotion. Because there is a constant fear of failure, people may act on every minor suspicion or doubt about a person’s loyalty. These types of people essentially cannot form meaningful relationships with others besides friendships of utility that are lost when services a re no longer being provided.[2] Obsession with power can consume the individual so that his or her most important goal is to maintain power instead of caring for those he or she is ruling over. Showing little control, these individuals may act on anger, causing something that may actually leads to their downfall. If people are willing to provide assistance to their neighbors out of pure selflessness instead of obligation, a well-functioning society can develop. This is because everyone can contribute their efforts to enhancing the standard of living. The polar opposite of Machiavelli, Aristotle believes humans can achieve true virtue as long as they possess a willing and open heart. Rather than believing that people always intend to commit evil, he views virtue is a cycle and â€Å"by abstaining from pleasures, we become self-controlled, and once we are self-controlled, we are best able to abstain from pleasures.† (36) One of the most key factors to a successful leader accord ing to Machiavelli is cunningness, or the ability to deliberate well and choose best the means to what is evil but humanly attainable.[3] Demonstrating his complete lack of sympathy for others, this informs leaders that methods are negligible as long as the end goal is achieved. However, Aristotle emphasizes the art of prudence, or deliberating well and choosing best the means to what is good and is humanly attainable.[4] The people striving to do as much good as possible can become a source of light and hope for those who may never have experienced virtuous love or friendship. Spreading goodwill can induce gratuity in people so that a domino effect occurs and they become driven to help others. Additionally, people are not as inherently evil as Machiavelli believes, although they may sometimes lean towards evil because of temptations. By believing that people are and will always continue to be sinful and malevolent demonstrates a lack of hope in society. In contrast, if there is fai th in human nature, communities can strive to better themselves and aid others. If people are willing to provide assistance to their neighbors out of pure selflessness instead of obligation, a well-functioning society can develop. This is because everyone can contribute their efforts to enhancing the standard of living. â€Å"People are less concerned with offending a man who makes himself loved than one who makes himself feared: the reason is that love is a link of obligation which men, because they are rotten, will break any time they think doing so serves their advantage; but fear involves dread of punishment, from which they can never escape.†[5] One of the most notable arguments in The Prince is Machiavelli’s discussion of utilizing cruelty and fear tactics to rule. Completely disregarding the long-term effects of deception and harm, he possesses a narrow-minded perspective about maintaining power. He only realizes the immediate effects of fear and does not consider any of the consequences of his suggestions. He is absolutely concerned with how people are instantly affected and disregards the important fact that fear breeds hatred. While his treatise may set an individual up for immediate success, that success will be interim and eventually there will be a loss of power. Fear seem s effective at first because initially, no one possesses the courage to act. However, after people realize that everyone else bears the same sentiment, confidence becomes restored through numbers. This mutual defiance is extremely dangerous because those who are supposedly loyal may conspire against their leader and formulate plans for an uprising. Revolts are damaging to the state or whatever is being protested and the reputation of the leader is permanently stained. Punishing an individual with extreme cruelty is also ineffective because it only breeds more fear rather than loyalty. For example, consider a situation in which an employee in a large company fails to fulfill his or her duties or responsibilities to that company. Firing that employee to demonstrate that there is a â€Å"zero-tolerance† policy will only breed more resentment among the other employees and create an increasingly hostile environment. There is no admiration for the boss, and the employees are apathe tic about their responsibilities. This means neither the company nor the boss is benefitted. The workers will be reluctant to work for the individual in charge or do anything that could benefit the company outside their immediate jobs. Only concerned for their own security, they would be willing to overthrow their boss if the opportunity is presented. Fear constantly needs to be renewed because the effects are temporary, but when a leader is loved, that love can grow with time. In complete contrast to deception and fear, love causes people to serve their leaders out of admiration. Becoming a figure of reverence, those around that individual will possess a willing heart for service and may genuinely desire to act in a way that benefits their leader. For example, good parenting requires teaching young children to exhibit virtue instead of deceit and cruel punishment through fear. It is crucial that evil is not ignored because children must be exposed to both sin and goodness. Addition ally, it is the parents’ responsibility to emphasize virtue so the children will choose to do good. Parents must demonstrate love to their children so that they strive to please rather than disappoint their parents. Fear merely breeds resentment in the children so that they grow older to develop a rebellious nature. Teaching and instilling virtue into young minds also creates new generations of compassionate, cooperative, and effective communicators. Without this virtue, no one would believe in morality and the world would be chaotic due to self-indulgence. Hope for moral progress in society would be lost, thus increasing cynicism, which is never favorable. â€Å"For fortune does not determine whether we fare well or ill, but is, as we said, merely an accessory to human life†¦the higher the virtuous activities, the more durable they are, because men who are supremely happy spend their lives in these activities most intensely and most continuously, and this seems to be the reason why such activities cannot be forgotten.†[6] Machiavelli’s thirst for power is evident through his idea that power guarantees happiness. Claiming that a person’s innermost desires can be achieved through the acquisition of power, he believes love is overvalued and â€Å"men are quicker to forget the death of a father than the loss of a patrimony.†[7] Believing that the effects of confiscating property exceeds those of losing a loved one, Machiavelli portrays his own sentiments towards relationships. He does not realize that people are capable of loving others for reasons other than the fortune or profit they may receive. This is the exact reason why he advocates the exploitation of men. Machiavelli emphasizes materialistic fulfillment that ultimately does not satisfy the void that is filled by human companionship. However, Aristotle’s advice can bring a genuine happiness, as his views lead to a life with much less regret. When an individual strives to do good for the community, he or she is more self-content. A life of hatred and deceit can cause a bitterness and constant dissatisfaction that ultimately can never be solved by any amount of material wealth. In contrast, virtue increases an individual’s capacity to love and spread this love to others. Virtue can induce an individual to serve the community because happiness, friendship, and kindness generates generosity and compassion. Similar to the cycle that leads to self-control, this, in turn, causes the community to feel a sense of adornment towards that individual. When the community demonstrates its appreciation towards that person, he or she becomes increasingly virtuous and content, so the cycle repeats. In the long run, people who are content will continue to be satisfied and possibly become increasingly happy as time passes. In addition, this virtue creates a sense of responsibility instead of an obsession with maintaining personal power. Individuals will feel that it is their duty to serve the interests of those they are ruling over and ensure that they are informed of everything that is occurring. This leads to active involvement in public events, which assures citizens of the considerate nature of their leader. When the people are aware that their problems are being attended to, trust is established and there is no desire for an uprising. An extremely important aspect that Machiavelli failed to recognize in The Prince was that humans are relational beings that require love and companionship to thrive. The bonds we form with others establish a sense of belonging and acceptance. Sometimes sharing valuable memories and moments with others can help us discover our own identity and purpose in life. Humans are meant to live as a community instead of merely coexisting, so every encounter is valuable. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics provides meaningful and insightful advice that can help us establish virtuous relationships with others. It is important that the friendships we create are those that allow the participants in the relationship to grow and mature. Strive to accomplish goals that serve the common good and be a bright light to a world that is noticeably forgetting the true meaning of virtue. [1] Machiavelli, Niccolà ², The Prince 2nd ed. Norton Critical Editions, translated and edited by Robert M. Adams (New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1992), 23. [2] Harrington, Barbara, â€Å"Aristotle on Friendship† presented at the HON 101 lecture (Azusa, CA, Azusa Pacific University, October 10, 2016). [3] Weeks, David, â€Å"The Art of Imprudence,† presented at the HON 101 lecture (Azusa, CA, Azusa Pacific University, October 3, 2016). [4] Ibid. [5] Machiavelli, 46. [6] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, translated with an Introduction and Notes by Martin Oswald, Library of Liberal Arts (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1962), 25. [7] Machiavelli, 46.

Capitalism Essay - 2248 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Within the boundaries in which sale and purchase of commodities and labor-power goes on is the birthplace of the â€Å"innate rights of man† (343). For the fulfillment of their needs, humans rely on the help of others. As Marx says in The German Ideology, â€Å"there exists a materialistic connection of men with one another, which is determined by their needs and their mode of production† (157). In modern capitalism people are connected through a complex global system of trade. This system of production and consumption affects the way people view each other in general. When one participates in the giant domain of production and consumption which generates generic products for generic individuals, she recognizes herself†¦show more content†¦While politics and world trade have provided people with a sense of their universality, they are also highly individualistic modes of organization. People are not necessarily connected to their origin ; the individual is supposedly able to live any lifestyle if he works hard enough. The rights that people are given in this economy are directed towards independent individuals. Every man is for himself – to survive in the world one must work hard to support one’s self. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Capitalism is a system of the exchange of goods based on their relative expenditure of human labor. All of human life seems spent either working to produce goods for others to buy or buying goods from others in order to meet personal wants. Exchange is truly the root of why human rights as they are known were constructed. People must be assured that they will be treated fairly when they come to sell their goods or labor. Political rights exist only when one is a member of an exchanging community. If a family lived in the woods and grew crops it is unlikely that they would proclaim equal rights as independents. They would always work together and have their needs met. Under capitalism people have needs of which they do not have the resources to meet. They must rely onShow MoreRelatedCapitalism And Capitalism1896 Words   |  8 PagesIn the first chapter of his book Capitalism and Freedom, Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman discusses several ideas s uch as the intimate and â€Å"by no means unilateral† correlation between politics and economics, the inefficiency of collectivism and central planning, and the essential role of economic freedom and capitalism in achieving political freedom (8). What all these ideas have in common, though, is that economic freedom precedes political freedom and, as a result, the latter dependsRead MoreCapitalism : Is Capitalism Good?946 Words   |  4 PagesCapitalism is a subject that can be considered deeply controversial. There are many who tout the benefits that capitalism provides to the economy and the progress of human society. There are others who decry that it is a system which promotes selfish motives and extols profits above honesty and genuine goodness. This essay will examine the claims of each and will reach to conclude the answer to the question â€Å"is capitalism good?† The Dawn of Capitalism and its Opposition The advent of the ideal ofRead MoreCapitalism And Socialism And Capitalism1952 Words   |  8 PagesFor more than a century capitalism and socialism have been contending to be the best economic system. Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry that is controlled by private owners for profit. Capitalism is the heart and soul of America s economy. A capitalistRead MoreCapitalism : The Highest Stage Of Capitalism1538 Words   |  7 PagesSince Vladimir Lenin was a Marxist and socialist he was opposed to global capitalism, and his book of Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism points out some of his main arguments regarding the capitalism as a whole. He regarded World War 1 as an imperialist war, caused by pressures that arose from a n immediate development of several European empires. The central nations of capitalism participated to expand their exploitative sphere, which led to the conflict of interests and eventually producedRead MoreCompare And Contrast Capitalism And Capitalism872 Words   |  4 Pages Capitalism is a fundamental ideology used by the United States government. It has led the United States to become one of the greatest countries for an individual. The U.S. is a world leader in innovation and quality of life. 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A man called Robert Heilbroner (March 24, 1919 – January 4, 2005) rose in the twentieth century as a regarded American economist and historian of economic thought understood for his worries about the two realms of capitalism. A first person examination of capitalism in light of Robert Heilbroner s thoughts as exhibited in the book twenty-first century capitalism. This article addresses how Robert Heilbroner s two realms of capitalism are both useful and uselessRead MoreCritique Of American Capitalism And Capitalism2411 Words   |  10 PagesCapitalism is not a rigid, inflexible economic and political system—there are many forms of capitalism around the world. It is illustrated as being different variations of capitalism outside the United States; there is the Dutch version, the Fre nch version, the British version, as well as the American version. American capitalism implements free-market ideology and that makes the U.S. stand out among other nations. Other nations do not dwell on privatization and deregulation nearly as much as theRead MoreCapitalism And The Economic Growth Under Capitalism1233 Words   |  5 Pagesseen that capitalism does work efficiently and surprisingly well, even though it is often wrongly accused and criticized for others shortcomings. Capitalism, otherwise known as a ‘free market economy, is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Werner Sombart first used the term capitalism in the early twentieth century, but the concept of it existed much earlier. Modern capitalism began developingRead MoreStakeholder Capitalism Vs. Shareholder Capitalism1573 Words   |  7 Pageswas the use of capitalism since the last couple of decad es. There were two separate types or levels of capitalism that were used in American society, which was capitalism 2.0 and capitalism 3.0. In the 1940s the beginning of capitalism 2.0 otherwise known as stakeholder capitalism. Stakeholder capitalism is basically a market system that the companies only treat the interests of major stakeholders equally, rather than favoring the investors. The second use of capitalism is capitalism 3.0 otherwise

Energy Conservation Essay - 1345 Words

The topic of energy is one that is seen in the news more and more as each day passes. As most Americans can tell you these days, energy is essential for industrial and technological development in this or any other country. However, some believe that certain traditional methods of producing energy, such as burning fossil fuels, are depleting the earth’s limited supply of natural resources and may also be harmful to the environment. They encourage the use of renewable sources of power, such as wind turbines or hydroelectric plants. While some debate humans being the cause of climate change, others believe mankind has barely made a mark on what our planet has to offer us. Conserving energy has nearly become as important an issue as producing†¦show more content†¦The need for coal sparked the American Industrial Revolution and introduced new inventions such as the steam engine. Petroleum oil, another non-renewable resource, is found beneath the earth’s surface and is collected through oil drilling. The conversion from oil to gasoline allowed for the invention of the automobile. Today, Petroleum is perhaps our most valuable source of fuel. Oil drills and refineries can be found all over the world, and the demand for this fuel has grown so great that it has caused a worldwide crisis. While some countries depend on oil as a source of fuel, others depend on exporting oil as their primary source of income. â€Å"The U.N. Security Council has terminated its authorization of foreign military operations in Libya. And as of tomorrow night, NATOs bombing campaign there will be over. Libyans now have to focus on the future, which includes reconstruction after the devastation of war. Some of the money for that effort may come from the countrys oil wealth† (CAN OIL FUEL LIBYAS RECONSTRUCTION? 1). The burning of fossil fuels has become a notorious cause of pollution. From contaminants being released into the atmosphere to oceans being devastated from oil spills, the earth’s ecosystem is suffering thanks to years of thoughtless fuel consumption. Excessive utilization of coal and oil for generation of electricity leads to the multiple problems of acid rain, and rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. There areShow MoreRelatedConservation of Energy1736 Words   |  7 Pages#7 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the gravitational potential energy through experimental values, to calculate the theoretical potential energy given the experimental kinetic energy in an isolated system while also using the kinetic energy to find the spring constant, and to compare kinetic energies and potential energies in an isolated system to see if they are equivalent. METHOD To calculate the gravitational potential energy throughRead MoreThe Conservation Of Mechanical Energy2277 Words   |  10 Pagestest the conservation of mechanical energy. This was done so by using two different methods: (1) to test the conservation of mechanical energy using a cart with a load set on a PASCO track attached to a hanging mass by a string and pulley, and (2) to test the conservation of mechanical energy using a spring attached to a hanging mass. . In the first part of the lab involving gravitational potential energy, the theoretical value to be consistent with the law of conservation of mechanical energy was 0Read MoreEnergy Conservation960 Words   |  4 PagesEnergy Conservation What can we do to help Carol D. Patterson Axia College University of Phoenix March 7, 201 â€Æ' Introduction I am doing my essay on energy conservation. I would like to point out the good and the bad points of energy conservation. What could happen if we do not start conserving the different kinds of energy we have left? What are the different kinds of energy? How might we put into practice the different kinds of energy? In my paper, I will explain these formsRead MoreEnergy Conservation at Home1164 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is energy? Where does it come from? And how do we pay for it? When you learn the answers to these questions, you can also learn how to live more efficiently in your home. In this article, we ll discuss how to be smart about how you use energy, how to know when to turn electrical power on and off, and how to use natural gas, propane, and fuel oil in the most effective way. Basic Concepts of Energy Efficiency You can make a lot of progress toward improving the energy efficiency in yourRead MoreThe Conservation Of Energy Lab Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: For the conservation of energy lab three experiments were performed. Terrestrial Gravitation Acceleration, First Law of Thermodynamics and Centripetal Acceleration vs. First Law of Thermodynamics. Each of the experiments demonstrated the importance of the first law of thermodynamic and how its present on our daily lives. Therefore, reinforcing the importance of thermodynamics concepts and their role in our society. Objectives: Experiment A: Terrestrial Gravitational AccelerationRead MoreConservation of Energy Lab Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesFREE FALL AND CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY ABSTRACT Free fall is defined as the ideal falling motion of an object that is subject only to the earth’s gravitational field. To prove the law of conservation of energy, the free fall motion of an object can be represented through 3 different analyses; position of the object vs. time, velocity of the object vs. time, and acceleration of the object vs. time. It is observed in this ball toss experiment, at any point during the free fall period,Read More The Conservation of Energy Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Conservation of Energy Physics Essay: The Conservation of Energy Since the beginning of time, energy has pervaded our earth. These days we rely on it to advance in our technological developments. We also need energy for a variety of other things such as: to keep our bodies alive and healthy, to run our machines and other technical devices, we also rely on energy to keep warm in winter and cool in summer. Energy is the ability to do work. People and other things can run out of energy (eRead MoreConservation Of Energy : Sam Perelman1516 Words   |  7 PagesConservation of energy – Sam Perelman Purpose: To investigate the gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and mechanical energy of the cart as it goes down the ramp. Hypothesis If energy is conserved then the cart will have the highest gravitational potential energy at the top of the ramp and the highest kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp but have a consistent total energy throughout its journey. This is because the equation for Eg is Eg =mgh so when h=0 E=0 (this occurs at the bottomRead MoreHome Energy Conservation3185 Words   |  13 PagesHome Energy Conservation So you think the cost of gas is outrageous? Most Americans do. The controversies in the Middle East and recent environmental disasters have made the cost of many natural resources, like oil, sky rocket. So imagine the amount of oil needed to power your car and compare that to the amount of oil needed to heat your home. Home energy conservation is a way that Americans can counter-act the estimated high costs to heat, cool or light their residence. In the ‘old days’ energyRead MoreEnergy Project : Energy Conservation2197 Words   |  9 PagesEnergy Conservation in Android Using Computational Offloading Energy Efficient Downloader 1Abhijeet Panchal, 2Vishal Divekar, 3Bharat Bansode, 4Hasan Mujawar, 5Prof. Girish Navale 1,2,3,4,5 Dept. of Computer Engineering AISSMS’s Institute of Information Technology Pune, India Abstract: Development of new and innovative android applications made energy consumption a very important issue. The full potential for android phones may be constrained by certain technical limits such as battery life and computational

Strategy and Decision Making Creativity and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Strategy and Decision Makingfor Creativity and Innovation. Answer: Introduction Decision making in any organization entails choosing a specific course of action from among alternatives to be able to respond to the problems as well as opportunities that present themselves to the organization. Success and effective running of any organization starts and ends with good decision making. The organization needs to implement programmed as well as non -programmed decision making for it to be effective. None-programmed decision making entails coming up with the right information and ideas that will address novel problems and opportunities that emergence in the organization. [1]Such decision making is able to address the problems and opportunities in the organization that had never been experienced before. On the other hand, programmed decision making entails coming up with responses able to address problems and opportunities within the organization that have been experienced before. It involves making decision that enable the organization to address problems and opportunities that recur after having arisen and been addressed before. To ensure that problems and opportunities are dealt with appropriately immediately they arise, organizations design a performance program to guide its employees on how to address the opportunities and problems that may arise along the way. [2]A performance program therefore is a standard sequence of behaviour that guide the operations and conduct of the members of the organization and which the members are expected to follow routinely whenever confronted by a problem or an opportunity within the organization. According to the Classical decision making model, after a while, the non-programmed decision making becomes programmed decision making as the organization gets used to it. [3]Due to the fact that decision makers are used to making decisions to address problems and opportunities in the organization, it is assumed that the decision maker is always equipped with the necessary information which they will always choose from whenever confronted with a problem and an opportunity within the organization. The Classical decision making model offers a prescriptive approach on how people within the organization should make decisions. [4]This approach presents four essential steps in the decision making process. These include; Listing all the available decision making alternatives that can address the problem or opportunity presented. Against each alternative, list the likely consequences that will arise as a result of using the alternative decision making approach. Consider your best choice that you think would address the problem and opportunity effectively and rank the consequences from the one you would prefer most to the least. Select the alternative that if used will result to the best set of consequences that you would prefer In any given organization, the leadership acts as the focal point in decision making. As a result, good and efficient leadership is directly proportional to the effectiveness of the decisions made. [5]An organization that is able to come up with the decision making best strategies to address its problems and opportunities is regarded to have good leadership. This is because leaders are the head of the organization and as a result are in charge of the decision making process after which they communicate the decision making strategy to the rest of the organization. Due to the changes in the trends of doing business brought about by factors such as technological advancements and globalization, it is essential that the leadership of any given organization embraces and encourages creativity as well as innovation. An innovative approach to leadership entails bringing up new ideas, management styles as well as leadership styles that when implemented are able to change the face of the organization and improve its output. [6]An innovative leader thinks about how they can transform the face of the organization. Similarly, they come up with the best decision making strategies to address problems that seem impossible to handle. Moreover, an innovative leader is flexible and employs the use of alternatives to address problems for the organization. Furthermore, innovative leadership does not begin and end with the leader. It is about openness and creation of an organizational climate that allows other members of the organization to apply their innovative thinking in the resolution of the problems as well as in the development of new products for the organization. In order for there to be creativity in the organization, the leadership of the organization ought to actively implement strategies geared towards encouraging innovation and creativity. This is characterised by the creation of a conducive environment that is able to promote the creative and innovative culture within the organization. [7]One way through which leaders can encourage innovation and creativity in decision making in the organization is by encouraging diversity among the employees of the organization while at the same time they develop an effective leadership strategy that is able to promote and sustain innovation and creativity within the organization. [8]Innovative organizational leadership encourages and promotes growth of a culture of innovation and creativity within the organization as opposed to hiring a few creative and innovative persons in the organization. With a creative and innovative culture within the organization, the leadership together with the employees are able to think differently as well as employ new ways of working to face any challenge that may arise while at the same time are able to come up with creative and innovative ideas to address any problem or opportunity that may arise within the organization. Through creativity and innovation, the organization is able to stay alive despite any challenges that may arise at the same time stay ahead of the competition that may present itself in the market. [9]Today, unlike in yester years, globalisation has completely changed the global competition in the market. This change hassled to the increase in the rivalry and vast possibilities among organizations. Many are the times organizations have been closed, others facing consequences such as shorter products, service as well as process life cycle. To remain relevant and compete favourably in the market under the harsh conditions, organizations have no other option but to strive for continuous enhancement, development as well as think out of the box. This entails creativity and innovation. Through creativity and innovation, the organization is able to embrace out-of the-box-thinking which enables its leadership as well as employees to embrace decision making strategies able to address emerging problems as well as handle opportunities that may arise. [10]To enable an effective use of creativity and innovation to enhance the level of decision making strategies, organizations and their lead ership should develop a clear framework comprising of structures as well as guidelines that will enable the organization to measure and enhance the level of innovation and creativity among its employees and guide them in their decision making strategies of the benefit of the organization. In order for the organization to make viable decisions able to address its problems and opportunities, it is of significance for the organization to put great emphasis on creativity and innovation by using a continuous updated, clear as well as a well formulated organizational strategy. [11]The main purpose of putting up an innovation strategy in the organization is to enable the organization to establish processes as well as creation of an infrastructure and climate able to tap the creative and innovative capability of every employee within its system and utilize this capability to the full benefit of the organization. [12]To enhance organizational creativity and innovation in decision making, it is paramount for the organizational leadership to be effective and put up strategies able to promote creativity and innovation throughout the entire organization. This calls for a systematic as well as sustainable leadership effort within the organization as through this, the organizational potential is able to be realized. The creative environment and culture should be created from the top as this will set the level and guide the employee in the organization on how they are supposed to use their creative potential in the decision making process within the organization. [13]It is therefore the duty of the leadership of the organization to actively promote creativity generating initiatives while at the same time eliminate the barriers to effective decision making as well as oversee the formulation of innovative strategies that will work as a guideline to the organization in decision making whenever the organization is confronted with problems and opportunities in its life cycle. Creative decision making in an organization can be promoted through motivation as well as investing in team-building structures. [14]According to Nagasundaram and Bostrom (1994), creative people in an organization perform better when the organization has minimal hierarchy, puts in place team building structures as well as when the individual is motivated through rewards and incentives that are well re-thought. However, the organization should embrace intrinsic incentives as opposed to extrinsic incentives like rewards to encourage creative and innovative decision making among its employees. [15]Intrinsic incentives entail incentives geared towards enhancing pleasure within the employee to overcome a challenging problem. This works better that extrinsic incentives and rewards such as giving cash bonuses. The organizational leadership should work towards eliminating any scenarios that may make the employee feel as if they are being controlled. [16]Measures such as surveillance, limitation authority for the employee to make their own decisions and making employees feel as they are being given bribes to influence their decision making should be eliminated. Instead, the leadership of the organization should focus on creating a culture of innovation and creativity and putting in place guidelines that guide the employees in decision making without necessarily feeling as they are controlled in their decision making. [17]The employee should be given the liberty to make decisions that affect their area of jurisdiction without interference from the leadership of the organization. However, in the exercise of liberty in decision making, the employee must adhere to the set guidelines within the organization. [18]Therefore creative and innovative decision making entails effective leadership and facilitation as opposed to control and manipulation. It entails creation of a creative environment where there are clear organizational goals and objectives. Similarly, a creative environment ensures that the employees of the organization have the autonomy and freedom to come up with decision making strategies that will enable achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization freely without any form of interference. Hence creativity and innovation makes the decision making process to be novel, original and innovative. Therefore, apart from culture, strategy, technology among other management tools, creativity and innovation serves as an essential factor that drives the success of the organization through ensuring effective decision making. [19]To further encourage a culture of innovation and creativity in decision making within the organization, the leadership should create an environment that ensures that employees are guided by clear organizational goals and problem statements. [20]Moreover, the employee should be allowed the autonomy to explore alternative decisions, experiment with the new decisions and at times to fail in t he decision making strategies. Hence autonomy and free will promotes rational-decision making among employees in the organization. Through autonomy, the employee is able to act deliberately, without any form of coercion in their thinking and reasoning. This ends up influencing the individual in their rational decision-making process. [21]Max Weber viewed autonomy as an essential component in the rational decision making process. In his writing on Methodology of the Social Sciences, Weber maintained that human beings have the habit of associating their freedom o feeling with the actions which they consciously perform and that in the absence of coercion, human being are able to make rational decisions. [22]Autonomy hence encourages creativity and innovation among an organizations employees. The influence of innovation and creativity in decision making is the reason behind major improvements in the way business is done globally. Creativity and innovation has contributed to decisions that have led to improvements in the essential business areas such as technology, communication and infrastructure. References Alegre, Joaqun, and Ricardo Chiva. "Assessing the impact of organizational learning capability on product innovation performance: An empirical test." Technovation 28, no. 6 (2008): 315-326. Alves, Jorge, Maria Jos Marques, Irina Saur, and Pedro Marques. "Creativity and innovation through multidisciplinary and multisectoral cooperation." Creativity and Innovation Management 16, no. 1 (2007): 27-34. Baron, Robert A., and Jintong Tang. "The role of entrepreneurs in firm-level innovation: Joint effects of positive affect, creativity, and environmental dynamism." Journal of Business Venturing 26, no. 1 (2011): 49-60. Carlisle, Ysanne, and Elizabeth McMillan. "Innovation in organizations from a complex adaptive systems perspective." EMERGENCE-MAHWAH-LAWRENCE ERLBAUM- 8, no. 1 (2006): 2. Crossan, Mary M., and Marina Apaydin. "A multi?dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature." Journal of management studies 47, no. 6 (2010): 1154-1191. Chen, Chung-Jen, and Jing-Wen Huang. "Strategic human resource practices and innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity." Journal of business research 62, no. 1 (2009): 104-114. Damanpour, Fariborz, and Marguerite Schneider. "Phases of the adoption of innovation in organizations: Effects of environment, organization and top Managers1." British Journal of Management 17, no. 3 (2006): 215-236. Davila, Tony, Marc Epstein, and Robert Shelton. Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. FT press, 2012. Dobni, C. Brooke. "Measuring innovation culture in organizations: The development of a generalized innovation culture construct using exploratory factor analysis." European Journal of Innovation Management 11, no. 4 (2008): 539-559. Goetsch, David L., and Stanley B. Davis. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson, 2014. Gupta, Anil K., Ken G. Smith, and Christina E. Shalley. "The interplay between exploration and exploitation." Academy of management journal 49, no. 4 (2006): 693-706. Griffin, Ricky, and Gregory Moorhead. Organizational behavior. Nelson Education, 2011. Hodgkinson, Gerard P., Eugene Sadler-Smith, Lisa A. Burke, Guy Claxton, and Paul R. Sparrow. "Intuition in organizations: Implications for strategic management." Long Range Planning 42, no. 3 (2009): 277-297. Hlsheger, Ute R., Neil Anderson, and Jesus F. Salgado. "Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research." Journal of Applied psychology 94, no. 5 (2009): 1128. Jansen, Justin JP, Frans AJ Van Den Bosch, and Henk W. Volberda. "Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators." Management science 52, no. 11 (2006): 1661-1674. Keeney, Ralph L., and Ralph L. Keeney. Value-focused thinking: A path to creative decisionmaking. Harvard University Press, 2009. Kelley, Tom, and Jonathan Littman. The ten faces of innovation: IDEO's strategies for defeating the devil's advocate and driving creativity throughout your organization. Crown Business, 2006. Kesting, Peter, and John Parm Ulhi. "Employee-driven innovation: extending the license to foster innovation." Management Decision 48, no. 1 (2010): 65-84. Khazanchi, Shalini, Marianne W. Lewis, and Kenneth K. Boyer. "Innovation-supportive culture: The impact of organizational values on process innovation." Journal of Operations Management 25, no. 4 (2007): 871-884. Kijkuit, Bob, and Jan Van Den Ende. "The Organizational Life of an Idea: Integrating Social Network, Creativity and Decision?Making Perspectives." Journal of Management Studies 44, no. 6 (2007): 863-882. Noe, Raymond A., John R. Hollenbeck, Barry Gerhart, and Patrick M. Wright. "Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage." (2006). Nonaka, Ikujiro, Georg Von Krogh, and Sven Voelpel. "Organizational knowledge creation theory: Evolutionary paths and future advances." Organization studies 27, no. 8 (2006): 1179-1208. Popadiuk, Silvio, and Chun Wei Choo. "Innovation and knowledge creation: How are these concepts related?." International journal of information management 26, no. 4 (2006): 302-312. Simons, Robert. Levers of control: How managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press, 2013.

Shi’ism Essay Example

Shi’ism Essay ‘What is Shi’ism?’ The origin of ‘Shi’ism began after the death of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) with respect to the followers of Ali Ibn Abe Talib (as), the First Imam or the vicegerent of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In order to understand Shi’ism, we have to comprehend the meaning of a ‘Shi’a’.   The 5th Imam of the ‘Shi’a’ faith, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (pbuh) once told a student of His, by the name of Jabir Ibn Abdullah Ansari,â€Å"Is it enough for a person to embellish himself as our shia (follower) by professing love for us, the ahl al-bayt?   Nay!   By Allah, a person is not our shi’a unless he fears Allah and obeys Him.   Our followers are only recognized, O Jabir, by their humility; submission; honesty; abundant praise of Allah, fasting and prayers; goodness to their parents; attention to the poor, needy, debtors, and orphans living nearby; speaking of the truth; recitation of the Quran; holding their tongues except for good words; and trustworthiness towards relatives in all affairs† 1Thus, Shiism is consorting to the way of the Holy Quran and the tradition of Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as passed on by his Progeny whom he (pbuh) authorized (the ahl al-bayt).1 Al-Kafi, al-Kulayni, 2:74`What would you say, overall, are the main characteristics of Shi’ism? `, In accordance to the Shi’a faith, Islam is established on five pillars; Tawheed (Oneness of ALLAH), Adl / Adalat (Justice), Nabuwat / Risalat (Prophet hood), Imamat (Divine appointments), Qayaamat (Judgment Day). Among these 5 pillars, the Shi’a faith differs with the other schools of thought of Islam only in the Imamat (Divine appointments). The Shia faith upholds the conviction that all the messengers of Allah, from Adam (pbuh) to Muhammad (pbuh), with the twelve descendants to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his daughter Lady Fatima al-Zahra (pbut), were infallible all through their whole existence and by no means committed any kind of offense that would displease Allah. The Holy Quran and accepted knowledge mutually demonstrates the significance; the Holy Quran cites infallibility thirteen times.   Allah speaks to Satan: Certainly you shall have no authority over My servants except those who follow you and go astray. 2, to which the Satan replies,† Satan says back to Allah: By Your might, I will surely mislead them all, except Your chosen servants among them (the messengers and the imams).† (Quran 38:82)Another Shi’it belief is ‘intercession’ (shifaah). Shifaah is not to request the Prophet (pbuh) or the imams (pbut) for security or deflect misfortune or to fetch for contentment and triumph.  Instead, it is to reach to Allah, the Almighty in the name of those who are close to Him, like the prophets and the imams.The Shi’a believe the Imam (a.s) to be in ‘Hiding’. Ghayb’ is used in th e context of ‘that isn’t visible’, it does not signify the end of existence. The presence of an Imam in each era is imperative. Thus, if he cannot intuitively be seen then he is in Ghayb and is concealed in the guise of nature. The Shi’it belief of ‘ahl al-bayt-e-Muhammad (pbuh)’, which includes Ali Ibn Abe Talib (a.s.), Fatima al-Zahra (pbut), Hasan Ibn Ali (a.s.), Hussein Ibn Ali (a.s.); this is being referred to those people who were not just related to the messenger of Allah specifically by blood but also most significantly by principles and beliefs. Allah only desires to keep away uncleanliness from you, O People of the House (ahl al-bayt), and to make you as pure as possible.(Qur’an 33:33)2 Quran 15:42‘Does Shi’ism have a distinctive spirit, and what is it that exemplifies that spirit?` Essence of Shi’ism is the same as the essence of true Islam. Shi’a Asna Asharyi or the followers of the 12 Imams have t he same beliefs as to what the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) preached. The Shi’a faith is the lone fiqah that considers Allah (swt) to be chaste, free from making malevolence, immortal, he holds never-ending knowledge, He (swt) is free from embodiment, has no associates is self-governing and controls all. Imam Ali Ibn Abe Talib (a.s.) in his book of sermons, says that,† Praise be to Allah for Whom one condition does not proceed another so that He may be the First before being the Last or He may be Manifest before being Hidden. Everyone called one (alone) save Him is by virtue of being small (in number); and everyone enjoying honor other than Him is humble. Every powerful person other than Him is weak. Every master (owner) other than Him is slave (owned).† (Nahjul Balagha, Sermon 65)In the farewell sermon at Arafat Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) stated, I am leaving you two weighty things, if you follow them you will never go astray, they are the Quran and my ahl al-bayt . (Sah ih al-Tirmidhi, v5, page 662-663) The only ‘fiqah’ of Muslims that have adhered to the mentioned two basics as an everlasting form of direction are identified as the Shia. It is in honor of the Shia of Ali that Allah (swt) sent the subsequent revelation: Those who believe and do righteous deeds are the best of the creatures. Their reward from their Lord shall be everlasting gardens, below which flow rivers, they will abide there forever. Well pleased is God with them and they are well pleased with Him.† (The Holy Quran 98:7) A number of Sunni researchers have confirmed that when this verse was sent down the Holy Prophet proclaimed,† I swear by the one who controls my life that this man (Ali) and his Shia shall secure deliverance on the day of resurrection.3`What would you say are the highlights or major turning points in Shi’it history?` One cannot pin-point a single period for this; for that one has to go back to the time of ‘Migration to Medin a’ from Makkah. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) made brothers of himself and Imam Ali (a.s.). He said,’ You are in the same position with relation to me as Aaron was with Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me. 4 The battle of Khyber, when the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) gave his flag to Ali (a.s) and Allah blessed victory at his (a.s) hand for Allah and His Messenger loved him. The events of Mubahila and Ghadeer-e-Khum, declaring Ali Ibn Abe Talib (a.s)’s succession and infallibility of the ‘ahl al-bayt’.   The occasion of Ghadeer has a lot of significance in the Shi’it history, for it was when the succession to the Prophet hood was bestowed on Ali Ibn Abe Talib (a.s). O Apostle! Deliver what has been sent down to you from your Lord; and if you dont do it, you have not delivered His message (at all); and Allah will protect you from the people (Quran 5:67)   and after the declaration of Imam Ali (a.s.)’s successor ship the 2nd ayat was revealed, â€Å"Today I have completed for you the religion, and favored you with my bounty, and accepted Islam for you as the religion. (Quran 5:3 )3   Tafsir Ibne Jarir, Volume 33 page 146 (Cairo edition) narrated from Hadhrath Muhammad bin Ali (as)4 Sahih Bukhari, Book on Outstanding Traits, hadith #3430; Battles hadith #4064The events that occurred after the death of Holy Prophet (pbuh) divided Islam into 2 factions; one of Amir Muwa’yah and the other of Imam Ali Ibn Abe Talib (a.s.). The atrocities against the ‘ahl al-bayt’ , led to the event of Karbala, which signifies the sacrifice of a leader, who forfeited his household and the lives of his dear ones to save Islam from the clutches of Yazid Ibn Muwa’yah. Shi’ism took a new turn in history in the time of the 6th Imam of Shi’a Fiqah, Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq (a.s.) who lived from 83 h. to 148 h.   The 6th Imam was presented with a golden chance to put together and reach to the masses with the tradition of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his family (pbut).   Once, four thousand scholars, Quranic commentators, historians, and philosophers were his students in Medina. Thus, he passed down the genuine traditions of the Holy Quran and the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and resolved in what is now al-fiqh al-jafari, the Jafari jurisprudence.`What is the difference between Sunni and Shi’a, and why is there so much trouble between them?` The Shi’a and Sunni schools of thought hold opposing views chiefly in jurisprudence and hence the basic teachings differ from each other. Though both schools of thought believe in the Oneness of Allah, Justice, Prophet Hood, Day of Judgment, the Holy Book, but their teachings differ in many ways. The discipline of ahl al-bayt upholds that the succession to prophet hood or the office of imamah is a divine office – signifying that the imam or khalifah has to be chosen and declared by Alla h unswervingly, as this office embraces the equal implication as that of prophet hood.   People are as a result ruled by Allah to follow exact heir (imams) subsequent to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).  Further schools of thought articulate that the imamah is decided by shura (election) and that this system was used to decide the succession to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).  In contrast, the Shia fiqah believes that the notion of shura was by no means completely endorsed.   Now, Shi’a are those who consider Imam Ali (a.s.) as the First Imam and Rightful successor of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and follow the 12 infallible Imams. While Sunnis follow the 4 Caliphs, among whom the First one is,   Hazarat Abu Bakr Siddique (rz), Second is Hazarat Umar Farooq (rz), third is Hazarat Usman Ghani (rz), and lastly the fourth Caliph, Ali Ibn Abe Talib (a.s). Several verses in the Holy Quran submit to the reality that, all the way through history, Allah alone has the right to declare an imam or a khalifah for humanity. And remember when your Lord said to the angels, â€Å"Verily, I am going to place [mankind] a successor (khalifah) on the earth. (Quran 2:30)While a learned Muslim researcher has said, those who dare to cause dissection between the Shia and the Sunnis are neither Shi’a nor Sunni. Owing to a deficiency of apparent information, the Shia imamiyyah school of thought has till now been a phenomenon to a lot of Muslims. A number of Muslims have been pleased to ascertain the reality of Shi’a Islam from trustworthy resources.   On the other hand, the adversaries of Islam have established that the greatest approach to defame Islam and upset the tranquility contained by the Muslim population is to support the splitting up of both factions and sectarianism.   Thus,   innumerable unconstructive and fake anecdotes with no foundation in the genuine manuscripts of the Shi’a school of thought have been broadcasted. These anecdo tes have two sources:   hostility towards Islam in connection with those who formulate them, and lack of knowledge in connection with those who accept as the truth and broadcast them.’ And when it is said to them, Come to what Allah has revealed and to the Messenger, they say, Enough for us is that which we found our fathers following, even though their fathers had no knowledge whatsoever and no guidance.’   (Qur’an 5:104) ‘When it is said to them, Follow what Allah has sent down, they say, Nay!   We shall follow what we found our fathers following.   Would they do that even though their fathers did not understand anything, nor were they guided?’   (Qur’an 2:170)ConclusionLastly, I would like to say that historical information or jurisprudential disparities ought to put off Muslim harmony as the greater part of Muslim scholars from all schools of thought have the same opinion on alike historical facts. Discrepancies amid the academi cs, researchers and intellectuals of the schools of thought can be moreover productive or disparaging.   If they show the way to the disintegration of the Muslim nation, then they are intolerable, since the Holy Quran says: But they have broken their religion among them into sects, each group rejoicing in its belief† (Quran 23:53)